Fig. 3

The effect of CS on cardiac performance in ovariectomized females and male mice. Smoking did not have an impact on (A) LVESV, (B) LVEDV, and (C) fractional shortening in either the male or the female mice, regardless of ovariectomy. Smoking stimulated the (D) heart rate of female mice only. CS, chronic smoking; F, females; FOVX, ovariectomized females; M, males; MCS, smoking males; LVESV, Left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data of the female mice while unpaired t-test was used to analyze the data of the male mice. All bars represent mean ± SEM. (^***P ≤ 0.001; n = 6–9 for females; n = 5–6 for males)