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  1. Sexual dimorphism is a fundamental characteristic of the anatomy and physiology of animals and humans, yet biomedical research has largely ignored these phenomena in the study of health and disease, despite ea...

    Authors: Lana McClements, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, Georgios Kararigas, Sofia B. Ahmed and John N. Stallone
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:33
    Content type: Review Published on:

    The Editorial to this article has been published in Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:32

  3. Bladder cancer (BC) remains a significant global health concern, with substantial sex and racial disparities in incidence, progression, and outcomes. BC is the sixth most common cancer among males and the seve...

    Authors: Prakash Chaudhary, Biplab Singha, Hany A. Abdel-Hafiz, Maria Velegraki, Debasish Sundi, Swati Satturwar, Anil V. Parwani, Sergei I. Grivennikov, Sungyong You, Helen S. Goodridge, Qin Ma, Yuzhou Chang, Anjun Ma, Bin Zheng, Dan Theodorescu, Zihai Li…
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:31
    Content type: Review Published on:

  4. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental conditions currently diagnosed through behavioral assessments in childhood, though neuropathological changes begin in utero. ASD is more commonly di...

    Authors: Julia S. Mouat, Nickilou Y. Krigbaum, Sophia Hakam, Emily Thrall, George E. Kuodza, Julia Mellis, Dag H. Yasui, Piera M. Cirillo, Yunin J. Ludena, Rebecca J. Schmidt, Michele A. La Merrill, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, Barbara A. Cohn and Janine M. LaSalle
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:30
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Menopausal loss of neuroprotective estrogen is thought to contribute to the sex differences in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Activation of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) can be clinically relevant since it avoids th...

    Authors: Aphrodite Demetriou, Birgitta Lindqvist, Heba G. Ali, Mohamed M. Shamekh, Mukesh Varshney, Jose Inzunza, Silvia Maioli, Per Nilsson and Ivan Nalvarte
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:29
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Gonadal testosterone stimulates skeletal muscle anabolism and contributes to sexually differentiated adipose distribution through incompletely understood mechanisms. Observations in humans and animal models ha...

    Authors: Sabrina Tzivia Barsky and Douglas Ashley Monks
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:28
    Content type: Review Published on:

  8. Two of the most frequently deleted genes in the human genome are the UDP-glycosyltransferases UGT2B17 and UGT2B28. They encode metabolic enzymes of the glucuronidation pathway that plays a pivotal role in the mai...

    Authors: Ana Lucia Rivera-Herrera, Michèle Rouleau, Mahukpe Narcisse Ulrich Singbo, Tania Cuppens, Julien Prunier, Arnaud Droit, David Simonyan and Chantal Guillemette
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:26
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Brainstem nuclei play a critical role in both ascending monoaminergic modulation of cortical function and arousal, and in descending bulbospinal pain modulation. Even though sex-related differences in the func...

    Authors: Lisa A. Kilpatrick, Arpana Church, David Meriwether, Swapna Mahurkar-Joshi, Vince W. Li, Jessica Sohn, Juliana Reist, Jennifer S. Labus, Tien Dong, Jonathan P. Jacobs, Bruce D. Naliboff, Lin Chang and Emeran A. Mayer
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:25
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. Dopamine is involved in reward processing and plays a critical role in the development and progression of alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, little is known about the effect of sex on the relationship betwee...

    Authors: Nathalie Barrios, Will Riordan, Vernon Garcia-Rivas, MacKenzie R. Peltier, Walter Roberts, Terril L. Verplaetse, Robert Kohler, Hang Zhou, Bubu A. Banini, Sherry A. McKee, Kelly P. Cosgrove and Yasmin Zakiniaeiz
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:24
    Content type: Review Published on:

  11. Sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon entails a transition in energy utilization, regulated by genes and environmental stimuli in sex-specific manner. Males require less energy, in the form of adiposity, to mat...

    Authors: Ehsan Pashay Ahi, Jukka-Pekka Verta, Johanna Kurko, Annukka Ruokolainen, Paul Vincent Debes and Craig R. Primmer
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:23
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Disruptions in brain development can impact behavioral traits and increase the risk of neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophr...

    Authors: Snezana Milosavljevic, Maria V. Piroli, Emma J. Sandago, Gerardo G. Piroli, Holland H. Smith, Sarah Beggiato, Norma Frizzell and Ana Pocivavsek
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:22
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. Childhood maltreatment and HIV are both associated with a greater risk for adverse mental health, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and increased systemic inflammation. However, it re...

    Authors: Amanda Arnold, Heqiong Wang, C. Christina Mehta, Paula-Dene C. Nesbeth, Brahmchetna Bedi, Caitlin Kirkpatrick, Caitlin A. Moran, Abigial Powers, Alicia K. Smith, Kimbi Hagen, M. Neale Weitzmann, Ighovwerha Ofotokun, Cecile D. Lahiri, Jessica A. Alvarez, Arshed A. Quyyumi, Gretchen N. Neigh…
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:21
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Women are more susceptible to stress-induced alcohol drinking, and preclinical data suggest that stress can increase alcohol intake in female rodents; however, a comprehensive understanding of the neurobiologi...

    Authors: Alexa R. Soares, Vernon Garcia-Rivas, Caroline Fai, Merrilee Thomas, Xiaoying Zheng, Marina R. Picciotto and Yann S. Mineur
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:19
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. The human placenta is distinct from most organs due to its uniquely low-methylated genome. DNA methylation (DNAme) is particularly depleted in the placenta at partially methylated domains and on the inactive X...

    Authors: Amy M Inkster, Allison M Matthews, Tanya N Phung, Seema B Plaisier, Melissa A Wilson, Carolyn J Brown and Wendy P Robinson
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:18
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. Sex differences in rodent models of diet-induced obesity are still poorly documented, particularly regarding how central mechanisms vary between sexes in response to an obesogenic diet. Here, we wanted to dete...

    Authors: Virginie Dreux, Candice Lefebvre, Charles-Edward Breemeersch, Colin Salaün, Christine Bôle-Feysot, Charlène Guérin, Pierre Déchelotte, Alexis Goichon, Moïse Coëffier and Ludovic Langlois
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:17
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Evolutionary selection pressures, most notably sexual selection, have created (and continue to sustain) many psychobehavioral differences between females and males. One such domain where psychobehavioral sex d...

    Authors: Adam Bode, Severi Luoto and Phillip S. Kavanagh
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:16
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Accumulating evidence indicates that the dysbiosis of gastrointestinal microbiota is associated with the development of gastric carcinogenesis. However, the sex-specific traits of gastrointestinal microbiota a...

    Authors: Chao Peng, Xin Li, Yu Li, Xinbo Xu, Yaobin Ouyang, Nianshuang Li, Nonghua Lu, Yin Zhu and Cong He
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:15
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Female observers in their luteal cycle phase exhibit a bias towards a detail-oriented rather than global visuospatial processing style that is well-documented across cognitive domains such as pattern recogniti...

    Authors: Tobias Hausinger, Björn Probst, Stefan Hawelka and Belinda Pletzer
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:14
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. Sex differences in brain development are thought to lead to sex variation in social behavior. Sex differences are fundamentally driven by both gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes, yet little is known about th...

    Authors: Sneha M. Chaturvedi, Simona Sarafinovska, Din Selmanovic, Katherine B. McCullough, Raylynn G. Swift, Susan E. Maloney and Joseph D. Dougherty
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:13
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. Odor identification (OI) deficits are observed in both individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and serve as risk factors for dementia. Compared with males, fema...

    Authors: Qin Liu, Ben Chen, Qiang Wang, Danyan Xu, Mingfeng Yang, Gaohong Lin, Yijie Zeng, Jingyi Lao, Shuang Liang, Jiafu Li, Kexin Yao, Xiaomei Zhong and Yuping Ning
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:12
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Maternal mental health conditions are associated with unmet Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) needs and can impede access to mental health and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, leading to poor materna...

    Authors: Leah A. Holcomb, Lizmarie Maldonado, Paul J. Nietert, Marie A. Hayes, Sara M. Witcraft, Roger B. Newman, Kathleen T. Brady, Aimee L. McRae-Clark, Kevin M. Gray and Constance Guille
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:11
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. Female sex and Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 genotype are top risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. This research investigates how these two risk factors might interact to influence biomarkers of brain heal...

    Authors: Bonnie H. Lee, Melike Cevizci, Stephanie E. Lieblich and Liisa A. M. Galea
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:10
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. Significant sex differences exist in the prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Notably, testosterone has been reported to regulate cognitive functions in the brain, with low serum testosterone ...

    Authors: Haolin Zheng, Akiko Mizokami, Sergio Romera-Giner, Jaime Llera-Oyola, Yosuke Yamawaki, Tomomi Sano, Eijiro Jimi, Francisco García-García and Takashi Kanematsu
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:9
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Several studies report an impact of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) on human immune cells, with effects dependent on the immune cell type addressed and their activation status. Another contributing factor a...

    Authors: Leonie Fleige and Silvia Capellino
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:8
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is more prevalent in men than women, and presents with different clinical features in each sex. Despite widespread recognition of these differences, females are under-represented in cl...

    Authors: Samantha L. Schaffner, Kira N. Tosefsky, Amy M. Inskter, Silke Appel-Cresswell and Julia M. Schulze-Hentrich
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:7
    Content type: Review Published on:

  29. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an intermittent hypoxia disorder associated with cognitive dysfunction, including learning and memory impairments. There is evidence that alterations in protease activity and n...

    Authors: Steve Mabry, Jessica L. Bradshaw, Jennifer J. Gardner, E. Nicole Wilson, Janak Sunuwar, Hannah Yeung, Sharad Shrestha, J. Thomas Cunningham and Rebecca L. Cunningham
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:5
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. As the earliest measure of social communication in rodents, ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in response to maternal separation are critical in preclinical research on neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). While...

    Authors: Alison M. Randell, Stephanie Salia, Lucas F. Fowler, Toe Aung, David A. Puts and Ashlyn Swift-Gallant
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:4
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), depression, and anxiety, which were reported to improve after the administration of metformin. However, sex influence...

    Authors: Yingbin Lin, Xinqun Luo, Fangyu Wang, Huange Cai, Yuanxiang Lin, Dezhi Kang and Wenhua Fang
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:3
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. Presentations and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (MI) differ between women and men, with the worst outcomes being reported in younger women. Mental stress induced ischemia and sympathetic activation h...

    Authors: Achi Haider, Susan Bengs, Angela Portmann, Sandro Fröhlich, Dominik Etter, Monika Maredziak, Geoffrey I. Warnock, Alexander Akhmedov, Sebastian Kozerke, Claudia Keller, Fabrizio Montecucco, Bruno Weber, Linjing Mu, Ronny R. Buechel, Vera Regitz-Zagrosek, Philipp A. Kaufmann…
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:2
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a female-specific process in which one X chromosome is silenced to balance X-linked gene expression between the sexes. XCI is initiated in early development by upregulation o...

    Authors: Josephine Lin, Jinli Zhang, Li Ma, He Fang, Rui Ma, Camille Groneck, Galina N. Filippova, Xinxian Deng, Chizuru Kinoshita, Jessica E. Young, Wenxiu Ma, Christine M. Disteche and Joel B. Berletch
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2025 16:1
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Obesity is a growing pandemic that increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and particularly in women also the risk of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia and multip...

    Authors: Lisa T. Schuetz, Gayel Duran, Paulien Baeten, Daphne Lintsen, Doryssa Hermans, Sarah Chenine, Janne Verreycken, Tim Vanmierlo, Kristiaan Wouters and Bieke Broux
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:105
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle most often caused by viral infections. Sex differences in the immune response during myocarditis have been well described but upstream mechanisms in the heart...

    Authors: Damian N. Di Florio, Gabriel J. Weigel, David J. Gorelov, Elizabeth J. McCabe, Danielle J. Beetler, Katie A. Shapiro, Katelyn A. Bruno, Isha Chekuri, Angita Jain, Emily R. Whelan, Gary R. Salomon, Sami Khatib, Natalie E. Bonvie-Hill, Jessica J. Fliess, Presley G. Giresi, Charwan Hamilton…
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:104
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. Women have a higher risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA) than men, including with obesity. To better understand this disparity, we investigated sex differences in metabolic and inflammatory factors associate...

    Authors: Timothy M. Griffin, Erika Barboza Prado Lopes, Dominic Cortassa, Albert Batushansky, Matlock A. Jeffries, Dawid Makosa, Anita Jopkiewicz, Padmaja Mehta-D’souza, Ravi K. Komaravolu and Michael T. Kinter
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:103
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. The circadian clock integrates external environmental changes into the internal physiology of organisms. Perturbed circadian clocks due to misaligned light cycles increase the risk of diseases, including metab...

    Authors: Tiantian Ma, Ryohei Matsuo, Kaito Kurogi, Shunsuke Miyamoto, Tatsumi Morita, Marina Shinozuka, Fuka Taniguchi, Keisuke Ikegami and Shinobu Yasuo
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:102
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. In humans, the X and Y chromosomes determine the biological sex, XX specifying for females and XY for males. The long noncoding RNA X-inactive specific transcript (lncRNA XIST) plays a crucial role in the proc...

    Authors: Dan N. Predescu, Babak Mokhlesi and Sanda A. Predescu
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:101
    Content type: Review Published on:

  40. Smoking, particularly chronic smoking (CS), is a threat to global health, contributing to increased mortality and morbidity associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). CS induces oxidative stress and endothe...

    Authors: Emna Abidi, Reine Diab, Rana Zahreddine, Ghadir Amin, Abdullah Kaplan, George W. Booz and Fouad A. Zouein
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:100
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. In vitro models serve as indispensable tools for advancing our understanding of biological processes, elucidating disease mechanisms, and establishing screening platforms for drug discovery. Kidneys play an in...

    Authors: Charlotte Veser, Aurélie Carlier, Vanessa Dubois, Silvia M. Mihăilă and Sangita Swapnasrita
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:99
    Content type: Review Published on:

  42. The global incidence of obesity continues to rise, which increases the prevalence of metabolic diseases. We previously demonstrated the beneficial effect of adipose-specific growth hormone receptor (Ghr) knockout...

    Authors: Liyuan Ran, Xiaoshuang Wang, Rui Ma, Haoan Wang, Yingjie Wu and Zichao Yu
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:98
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Sex and gender play important roles in contributing to disease and health outcomes and represent essential, but often overlooked, measures in biomedical research. The context-specific, multifaceted, and relati...

    Authors: Rosemary Morgan, Anna Yin, Anna Kalbarczyk, Janna R. Shapiro, Patrick J. Shea, Helen Kuo, Carmen H. Rodriguez, Erica N. Rosser, Andrew Pekosz, Sean X. Leng and Sabra L. Klein
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:96
    Content type: Comment Published on:

  45. Mitochondrial dysfunction and associated inflammatory signaling are pivotal in both aging and in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Studies have also shown that hypothalamic function is affected in AD. The hypothalamus...

    Authors: Aida Adlimoghaddam, Kyle M. Fontaine and Benedict C. Albensi
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:95
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) affect 2–8% of pregnancies and are associated postpartum with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, although mechanisms are poorly understood.

    Authors: Clara Liu Chung Ming, Dillan Pienaar, Sahar Ghorbanpour, Hao Chen, Lynne Margaret Roberts, Louise Cole, Kristine C. McGrath, Matthew P. Padula, Amanda Henry, Carmine Gentile and Lana McClements
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:94
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. A-kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12) is a key scaffolding protein that regulates cellular signaling by anchoring protein kinase A (PKA) and other signaling molecules. While recent studies suggest an importan...

    Authors: Hidehiro Ishikawa, Shintaro Kimura, Hajime Takase, Maximillian Borlongan, Norito Fukuda, Tomonori Hoshino, Gen Hamanaka, Ji Hyun Park, Akihiro Shindo, Kyu-Won Kim, Irwin H. Gelman, Josephine Lok, Eng H. Lo and Ken Arai
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:93
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. Previous studies have found that the temporal duration required for males to perceive visual motion direction is significantly shorter than that for females. However, the neural correlates of such shortened du...

    Authors: Dong-Yu Liu, Ming Li, Juan Yu, Yuan Gao, Xiaotong Zhang, Dewen Hu, Georg Northoff, Xue Mei Song and Junming Zhu
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:92
    Content type: Research Published on:
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Biology of Sex Differences

ISSN: 2042-6410

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