Fig. 6

Effects of EE + CS on gene expressions of oxidative stress markers. The combination of EE and CS did not affect the mRNA expression levels of (A) NOX-4 and (B) SOD-1. CS, chronic smoking; EE, Ethinylestradiol; V, vehicle; LV, left ventricular; NOX-4, NADPH oxidase 4; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Data were analysed for significance using two-way ANOVA. All bars represent fold change ± SEM (*P = 0.05; n = 2–3)