Fig. 4

Sex-by-cancer interaction effects on DNAm. a Discovery of sex-by-groups interaction DMPs across nine cancer types. The proportions of X-linked and autosomal f(m)DMPs (chr.) per cancer are indicated (left, stacked bar plots). The number of interaction DMPs per cancer are shown (right, histogram). Legend colors are as in Fig. 3. b Cancer sharing profile of interaction DMPs. c Pie plots indicate the proportions of overlap between interaction DMPs and sex-stratified DMPs per cancer. d Cancer-related differential methylation effect size of females compared with males for the interaction DMPs per cancer. The slope (S) is calculated using principal components regression, with *FDR < 0.05 indicating that S is significantly different between sexes (see details in Methods). The dashed line represents equal effects between females and males when S = 1