Fig. 1

Lack of integration of sex as a biological variable and limited USV call parameters in MIA research. A Less than a third of MIA studies, analyzed USVs by sex, with the majority of studies only including males or pooling the sexes in their analysis. Only 1 study analyzed USVs in females alone. B The most commonly reported USV call parameter is call number (49% of papers), while total call duration (10%), average call duration (17%), and call frequency (12%) are each reported in less than a fifth of studies