Fig. 8

Time course response to HFD of hypothalamic inflammatory markers. A-G Graphs show the fold changes of mRNA transcript levels encoding proinflammatory cytokines with interleukin-1β (Il1b), tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), interleukin-6 (Il6), M1 polarization markers of macrophages (Cd11b, Nos2) and M2 polarization markers (Fizz1, Arg1) of HFD male and HFD female mice (blue and pink bars, respectively) compared to the mean of their respective control group (Log10 (HFD/SD)) after 3, 7, 14 and 28 days (d3, d7, d14, d28, experiment 2, n = 6/group). All mRNA species were quantified relative to Gapdh and β-actin housekeeping gene expression. Raw data were first compared with mixed-effect analysis (sex x HFD x time) followed by Tukey post hoc tests (*p < 0.05 SD vs HFD; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001 male HFD vs female HFD). In each graph, significant diet, sex, time and interaction effects are shown by bold and underlined text (HFD, sex, time, int). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)