Fig. 4

Alterations of gastric microbiota in male and female mice following 4 months of H. pylori infection. Alpha diversity indices, including Chao (A) and Shannon (B). Relative abundance of bacterial phyla (C) and genus (D). E Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the Bray–Curtis distances. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) was conducted to identify the differentially abundant bacteria among male and female with (G) and without (F) infection. n = 6–8/group. N represented the number of mice. F_Con_G_4M, gastric samples from females without infection at 4 months. F_Hp_G_4M, gastric samples from females following 4 months infection. M_Con_G_4M, gastric samples from males without infection at 4 months. M_Hp_G_4M, gastric samples from males following 4 months infection