Fig. 1

Androgen and androgen receptor (AR) genomic and non-genomic action, and identified genes in skeletal muscle with direct regulation by AR binding to ARE consensus sequences. ECS extracellular space, T testosterone, SHBG steroid hormone binding globulin, mAR membrane-bound AR, DHT 5α-dihydrotestosterone, Hsp70/90 heat shock proteins 70/90, P phosphorylation, c-Src proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase, Mef myocyte enhancer factor, ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase, PI3K phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, Akt protein kinase B, mTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin, ARE androgen response element, Smyd1 histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, Mstn myostatin, Mylk4 myosin light chain kinase 4, Igf-1 insulin-like growth factor-1